M-CSF as a therapeutic target in BRAF V600E melanoma resistant to BRAF inhibitors.

Background: Disseminated BRAF ^V600E melanoma responds to BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) but easily develops resistance with poor prognosis. Secretome plays a pivotal role during tumour progression causing profound effects on therapeutic efficacy. Secreted M-CSF is involved in both cytotoxicity suppression and tumour progression in melanoma. We aimed to analyse the M-CSF contribution in resistant metastatic melanoma to BRAF-targeted therapies.
Methods: Conditioned media from melanoma cells were analysed by citoarray. Viability and migration/invasion assays were performed with paired melanoma cells and tumour growth in xenografted SCID mice. We evaluated the impact of M-CSF plasma levels with clinical prognosis from 35 metastatic BRAF ^V600E -mutant melanoma patients.
Results: BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells secretome is rich in pro-tumour cytokines. M-CSF secretion is essential to induce a Vemurafenib-resistant phenotype in melanoma cells. Further, we demonstrated that M-CSF mAb in combination with Vemurafenib and autophagy blockers synergistically induce apoptosis, impair migration and reduce tumour growth in BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells. Interestingly, lower M-CSF plasma levels are associated with better prognosis in metastatic melanoma patients.
Conclusions: Secreted M-CSF induces a BRAFi-resistant phenotype and means worse prognosis in BRAF ^V600E metastatic melanoma patients. These results identify secreted M-CSF as a promising therapeutic target toward BRAFi-resistant melanomas.
(© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)