Too much tolerance for hyperoxemia in mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia? Report from an Italian intensive care unit.

Background: In COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation, the administration of high oxygen (O ₂ ) doses for prolonged time periods may be necessary. Although life-saving in most cases, O ₂ may exert deleterious effects if administered in excessive concentrations. We aimed to describe the prevalence of hyperoxemia and excessive O ₂ administration in mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and determine whether hyperoxemia is associated with mortality in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or the onset of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
Materials and Methods: Retrospective single-center study on adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for ≥48 h. Patients undergoing extracorporeal respiratory support were excluded. We calculated the excess O ₂ administered based on the ideal arterial O ₂ tension (PaO ₂ ) target of 55-80 mmHg. We defined hyperoxemia as PaO ₂ > 100 mmHg and hyperoxia + hyperoxemia as an inspired O ₂ fraction (FiO ₂ ) > 60% + PaO ₂ > 100 mmHg. Risk factors for ICU-mortality and VAP were assessed through multivariate analyses.
Results: One hundred thirty-four patients were included. For each day of mechanical ventilation, each patient received a median excess O ₂ of 1,121 [829-1,449] L. Hyperoxemia was found in 38 [27-55]% of arterial blood gases, hyperoxia + hyperoxemia in 11 [5-18]% of cases. The FiO ₂ was not reduced in 69 [62-76]% of cases of hyperoxemia. Adjustments were made more frequently with higher PaO ₂ or initial FiO ₂ levels. ICU-mortality was 32%. VAP was diagnosed in 48.5% of patients. Hyperoxemia (OR 1.300 95% CI [1.097-1.542]), time of exposure to hyperoxemia (OR 2.758 [1.406-5.411]), hyperoxia + hyperoxemia (OR 1.144 [1.008-1.298]), and daily excess O ₂ (OR 1.003 [1.001-1.005]) were associated with higher risk for ICU-mortality, independently of age, Sequential Organ failure Assessment score at ICU-admission and mean PaO ₂ /FiO ₂ . Hyperoxemia (OR 1.033 [1.006-1.061]), time of exposure to hyperoxemia (OR 1.108 [1.018-1.206]), hyperoxia + hyperoxemia (OR 1.038 [1.003-1.075]), and daily excess O ₂ (OR 1.001 [1.000-1.001]) were identified as risk factors for VAP, independently of body mass index, blood transfusions, days of neuromuscular blocking agents (before VAP), prolonged prone positioning and mean PaO ₂ /FiO ₂ before VAP.
Conclusion: Excess O ₂ administration and hyperoxemia were common in mechanically ventilated patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The exposure to hyperoxemia may be associated with ICU-mortality and greater risk for VAP.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2022 Damiani, Casarotta, Carsetti, Mariotti, Vannicola, Giorgetti, Domizi, Scorcella, Adrario and Donati.)