Back to Search
Start Over
Persistent but atypical germinal center reaction among 3 rd SARS-CoV-2 vaccination after rituximab exposure.
- Source :
-
Frontiers in immunology [Front Immunol] 2022 Aug 10; Vol. 13, pp. 943476. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Aug 10 (Print Publication: 2022). - Publication Year :
- 2022
-
Abstract
- Background: Durable vaccine-mediated immunity relies on the generation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells (MBCs), differentiating upon germinal center (GC) reactions. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces a strong GC response in healthy volunteers (HC), but limited data is available about response longevity upon rituximab treatment.<br />Methods: We evaluated humoral and cellular responses upon 3rd vaccination in seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who initially mounted anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies after primary 2x vaccination and got re-exposed to rituximab (RTX) 1-2 months after the second vaccination. Ten patients with RA on other therapies and ten HC represented the control groups. As control for known long-lived induced immunity, we analyzed humoral and cellular tetanus toxoid (TT) immune responses in steady-state.<br />Results: After 3 <superscript>rd</superscript> vaccination, 5/7 seroconverted RTX patients revealed lower anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels but similar neutralizing capacity compared with HC. Antibody levels after 3rd vaccination correlated with values after 2nd vaccination. Despite significant reduction of circulating total and antigen-specific B cells in RTX re-exposed patients, we observed the induction of IgG+ MBCs upon 3 <superscript>rd</superscript> vaccination. Notably, only RTX treated patients revealed a high amount of IgA+ MBCs before and IgA+ plasmablasts after 3 <superscript>rd</superscript> vaccination. IgA+ B cells were not part of the steady state TT+ B cell pool. TNF-secretion and generation of effector memory CD4 spike-specific T cells were significantly boosted upon 3 <superscript>rd</superscript> vaccination.<br />Summary: On the basis of pre-existing affinity matured MBCs within primary immunisation, RTX re-exposed patients revealed a persistent but atypical GC immune response accompanied by boosted spike-specific memory CD4 T cells upon SARS-CoV-2 recall vaccination.<br />Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.<br /> (Copyright © 2022 Stefanski, Rincon-Arevalo, Schrezenmeier, Karberg, Szelinski, Ritter, Chen, Meisel, Jahrsdörfer, Ludwig, Schrezenmeier, Lino and Dörner.)
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1664-3224
- Volume :
- 13
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Frontiers in immunology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 36032111
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.943476