Electrochemical reactor dictates site selectivity in N-heteroarene carboxylations.

Pyridines and related N-heteroarenes are commonly found in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and other biologically active compounds ^1,2 . Site-selective C-H functionalization would provide a direct way of making these medicinally active products ^3-5 . For example, nicotinic acid derivatives could be made by C-H carboxylation, but this remains an elusive transformation ^6-8 . Here we describe the development of an electrochemical strategy for the direct carboxylation of pyridines using CO ₂ . The choice of the electrolysis setup gives rise to divergent site selectivity: a divided electrochemical cell leads to C5 carboxylation, whereas an undivided cell promotes C4 carboxylation. The undivided-cell reaction is proposed to operate through a paired-electrolysis mechanism ^9,10 , in which both cathodic and anodic events play critical roles in altering the site selectivity. Specifically, anodically generated iodine preferentially reacts with a key radical anion intermediate in the C4-carboxylation pathway through hydrogen-atom transfer, thus diverting the reaction selectivity by means of the Curtin-Hammett principle ¹¹ . The scope of the transformation was expanded to a wide range of N-heteroarenes, including bipyridines and terpyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazines and quinolines.
(© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)