Overview of PM 2.5 and health outcomes: Focusing on components, sources, and pollutant mixture co-exposure.

PM _2.5 varies in source and composition over time and space as a complicated mixture. Consequently, the health effects caused by PM _2.5 varies significantly over time and generally exhibit significant regional variations. According to numerous studies, a notable relationship exists between PM _2.5 and the occurrence of many diseases, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous system diseases, as well as cancer. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of PM _2.5 on human health is critical. The toxic effects of various PM _2.5 components, as well as the overall toxicity of PM _2.5 are discussed in this review to provide a foundation for precise PM _2.5 emission control. Furthermore, this review summarizes the synergistic effect of PM _2.5 and other pollutants, which can be used to draft effective policies.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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