Neuromusculoskeletal model calibration accounts for differences in electromechanical delay and maximum isometric muscle force.

Electromechanical delay (EMD) and maximum isometric muscle force (F _o ^M ) are important parameters for joint contact force calculation with EMG-informed neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) models. These parameters can vary between tasks (EMD) and individuals (EMD and F _o ^M ), making it challenging to establish representative values. One promising approach is to personalise candidate parameters to the participant (e.g., F _o ^M by regression equation) and then adjust all parameters within a calibration (i.e., numerical optimisation) to minimise error between corresponding pairs of experimental measures and model-predicted values. The purpose of this study was to determine whether calibration of an NMS model resulted in consistent joint contact forces, regardless of EMD value or personalisation of F _o ^M . Hip, knee, and ankle contact forces were predicted for 28 participants using EMG-informed NMS models. Differences in joint contact forces with EMD were examined in six models, calibrated with EMD from 15 to 110 ms. Differences in joint contact forces with personalisation of F _o ^M were examined in two models, both calibrated with the same initial EMD (50 ms), one with generic and one with personalised values for F _o ^M . For all models, joint contact force peaks during the first and second halves of stance were extracted and compared using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Calibrated models with EMD set between 35 and 70 ms produced similar magnitude and timing of peak joint contact forces. Compared with generic values, personalising and then calibrating F _o ^M resulted in comparable peak contact forces at hip, but not knee or ankle, while also producing muscle-specific tensions similar to reported literature. Overall, EMD between 35 and 70 ms and personalised initial values of F _o ^M before calibration are advised for EMG-informed NMS modelling.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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