Exposure to coal mining can lead to imbalanced levels of inorganic elements and DNA damage in individuals living near open-pit mining sites.

Coal mining activities are considered harmful to living organisms. These activities release compounds to the environment, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, and oxides, which can cause oxidative damage to DNA. In this study, we compared the DNA damage and the chemical composition of peripherical blood of 150 individuals exposed to coal mining residues and 120 non-exposed individuals. Analysis of coal particles revealed the presence of elements such as copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), chrome (Cr), silicon (Si) and iron (Fe). The exposed individuals in our study had significant concentrations of Al, sulfur (S), Cr, Fe, and Cu in their blood, as well as hypokalemia. Results from the enzyme-modified comet assay (FPG enzyme) suggest that exposure to coal mining residues caused oxidative DNA damage, particularly purine damage. Furthermore, particles with a diameter of <2.5 μm indicate that direct inhalation could promote these physiological alterations. Finally, a systems biology analysis was performed to investigate the effects of these elements on DNA damage and oxidative stress pathways. Interestingly, Cu, Cr, Fe, and K are key nodes that intensely modulate these pathways. Our results suggest that understanding the imbalance of inorganic elements caused by exposure to coal mining residues is crucial to understanding their effect on human health.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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