Comparison of the passive mast cell activation test with the basophil activation test for diagnosis of perioperative rocuronium hypersensitivity.

Background: Rocuronium is a major cause of perioperative hypersensitivity (POH). Skin tests (STs) and quantification of specific immunoglobulin E antibodies (sIgEs) can yield incongruent results. In such difficult cases, the basophil activation test (BAT) can be helpful. Here, we evaluated the passive mast cell activation test (pMAT) as a substitute of BAT as part of the diagnostic tests for rocuronium allergy.
Methods: Sera from patients with a suspected POH reaction potentially related to rocuronium were included. All patients had a complete diagnostic investigation, including STs, quantification of sIgEs to morphine and rocuronium, and BAT. For execution of pMAT, human mast cells were generated from healthy donor peripheral blood CD34 ⁺ progenitor cells and sensitised overnight with patient sera.
Results: In total, 90 sera were studied: 41 from ST ⁺ sIgE ⁺ patients, 13 from ST ^- sIgE ^- patients, 20 from ST ⁺ sIgE ^- patients, and 16 from ST ^- sIgE ⁺ patients. According to BAT results, patients were further allocated into subgroups. Of the 38 BAT ⁺ patients, 25 (66%) showed a positive pMAT as well. Of the 44 BAT ^- patients, 43 (98%) also showed a negative pMAT. Mast cells that were not passively sensitised did not respond to rocuronium.
Conclusions: We show that the pMAT, in many cases, can substitute for BAT in the diagnosis of rocuronium hypersensitivity and advance diagnosis in difficult cases with uncertain ST or sIgE results when BAT is not locally available.
(Copyright © 2023 British Journal of Anaesthesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)