Hydrogeological characteristics and water availability in the mountainous aquifer systems of Italian Central Alps: A regional scale approach.

Groundwater resources in mountain areas are strategically important to maintain adequate water supply for domestic uses, farming, industrial activities, and energy production, also considering the expected growing demand due to ongoing climate changes. Within this framework, the objective of the study is to develop a regional approach, compliant with the European requirements of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC, that could support public agencies and water companies to efficiently manage and protect the available water resources in mountainous environments. The proposed approach identifies and delineates groundwater bodies by coupling a 3D hydro-stratigraphic model with the definition of the water budget and water hydrochemical fingerprints in a geologically complex Alpine environment in Northern Italy. Sixteen groundwater bodies (GWBs) have been identified all over the 10.290 km ² area, showing an average storage capacity of more than 500 Mm³ y ^-1 (about 3% of the average total inflow from precipitation and snowmelt), with differences up to four times between GWBs mainly constituted of carbonate rocks and those prevalently composed of crystalline or terrigenous rocks. Groundwater quality in the study domain is generally excellent, with few exceptions due to geogenic (i.e., natural) or anthropogenic sources of contamination. The results of this study show the advantages of coupling 3D hydro-stratigraphic modelling combined with meteorological, hydrological and hydrogeological information, which consist in: i) identifying the most Strategic Storage Reservoir both in terms of quality and storage capacity; ii) evaluating the present ground- and surface water availability; iii) detecting areas of specific interest for implementing groundwater monitoring networks; iv) recognising recharge areas of the most relevant springs, to implement protection strategies of the resource.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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