Biochemical and phytochemical responses of Ammi visnaga L. (Apiaceae) callus culture elicited by SiO 2 and graphene Oxide-SiO 2 nanoparticles.

Ammi visnaga L. is an enriched medicinal plant with medicinally important compounds. Two types of nanoparticles (NPs) including silica (SiO ₂ ) and graphene oxide bound with SiO ₂ (GO-SiO ₂ ) NPs at different concentrations (0, 15, 25 mg L ^-1 ) were used as elicitors to investigate their effects on callus morphology, H ₂ O ₂ content, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), and few antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the callus cultures of A. visnaga. The effects of elicitation of both NPs on calli were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The 15 mg L ^-1 concentration of GO-SiO ₂ NPs produced the highest TPC (193.3 mg GAE g ^-1 FW), CAT (13.1 U mg ^-1 Protein), GPX (0.0089 U mg ^-1 Protein), and APX (0.079 U mg ^-1 Protein). Whereas, the maximum content of H ₂ O ₂ (0.68 μmol g ^-1 FW), FRAP (0.0092 μmol mg ^-1 ), and TFC (62.27 mg QE g ^-1 FW) was observed at 25 mg L ^-1 and 15 mg L ^-1 of SiO ₂ NPs, respectively. Conclusively, in the callus culture of A. visnaga, the 15 mg L ^-1 concentration of GO-SiO ₂ NPs was the most suitable dosage for enhancing the enzymatic antioxidant activities (CAT, GPX, APX) and TPC, rather than SiO ₂ NPs.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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