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Implanted Electrodes for Functional Electrical Stimulation to Restore Upper and Lower Extremity Function: History and Future Directions.
- Source :
-
Neurosurgery [Neurosurgery] 2023 Nov 01; Vol. 93 (5), pp. 965-970. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jun 08. - Publication Year :
- 2023
-
Abstract
- Functional electrical stimulation (FES) to activate nerves and muscles in paralyzed extremities has considerable promise to improve outcome after neurological disease or injury, especially in individuals who have upper motor nerve dysfunction due to central nervous system pathology. Because technology has improved, a wide variety of methods for providing electrical stimulation to create functional movements have been developed, including muscle stimulating electrodes, nerve stimulating electrodes, and hybrid constructs. However, in spite of decades of success in experimental settings with clear functional improvements for individuals with paralysis, the technology has not yet reached widespread clinical translation. In this review, we outline the history of FES techniques and approaches and describe future directions in evolution of the technology.<br /> (Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2023. All rights reserved.)
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1524-4040
- Volume :
- 93
- Issue :
- 5
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Neurosurgery
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 37288972
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000002561