Optical Nanobiosensor-Based Point-of-Care Testing for Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers.

Cardiovascular disease is a global health threat, and detecting cardiac biomarkers is essential for early-stage diagnosis and personalized treatment. Traditional approaches have limitations, but optical nanobiosensors offer rapid, highly selective, and sensitive detection. Optical nanobiosensors generate biosignals that transfer light signals while analytes bind with the bioreceptors. Optical nanobiosensors have advantages such as ease of monitoring, low cost, a wide detection range, and high sensitivity without any interference. An optical nanobiosensor platform is a promising approach for point-of-care cardiac biomarker detection with a low detection limit. This review mainly focuses on the detection of cardiovascular disease biomarkers based on various optical nanobiosensor approaches that have been reported during the last five years, and we have categorized them based on optical signal readouts. A detailed discussion of the classification of cardiovascular disease biomarkers, design strategies of optical biosensors, types of optically active nanomaterials, types of bioreceptors, functionalization techniques, various assay types, and sensing mechanisms is presented. Then, we summarize the optical signaling readout-based various nanobiosensors systems for the detection of cardiovascular disease biomarkers. Finally, we summarize and conclude with the recent development of point-of-care testing (PoCT) for cardiovascular disease biomarkers used in various optical readout techniques.