Emission profiles, source identifications, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a road tunnel located in Xi'an, China.

Understanding the sources and characteristics of PM _2.5 -bound PAHs from traffic-related pollution can provide valuable data for mitigating air contamination from traffic in local urban regions. However, little information on PAHs is available regarding the typical arterial highway-Qinling Mountains No.1 tunnel in Xi'an. We estimated the profiles, sources, and emission factors of PM _2.5 -bound PAHs in this tunnel. The total PAH concentrations were 22.78 ng·m ^-3 and 52.80 ng·m ^-3 at the tunnel middle and exit, which were 1.09 and 3.84 times higher than that at the tunnel entrance. Pyr, Flt, Phe, Chr, BaP, and BbF were the dominant PAH species (representing approximately 78.01% of total PAHs). The four rings PAHs were dominant (58%) among the total PAH concentrations in PM _2.5 . The results demonstrated that diesel and gasoline vehicles exhaust emissions contributed 56.81% and 22.60% to the PAHs, respectively, while the corresponding value for together brakes, tyre wear, and road dust was 20.59%. The emission factors of total PAHs were 29.35 μg·veh ^-1 ·km ^-1 , and emission factors of 4 rings PAHs were significantly higher than those of the other PAHs. The sum of ILCR was estimated to be 1.41×10 ^-4 , which accorded with acceptable level of cancer risk (10 ^-6 -10 ^-4 ), PAHs should not ignored as they still affect the public health of inhabitants. This study shed light on PAH profiles and traffic-related sources in the tunnel, thereby facilitating the assessment of control measures targeting PAHs in local areas.
(© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)