Vascular ultrasound in rheumatology practice.

Rheumatologists are increasingly using vascular ultrasound. Several guidelines now recommend ultrasound as the first diagnostic modality in giant cell arteritis (GCA). The German curriculum for rheumatology training has recently included ultrasound for the acute diagnosis of vasculitis. Recent studies have shown that ultrasound of temporal, axillary, subclavian, and vertebral arteries has sensitivities and specificities of >90%. Vascular ultrasound detects subclinical GCA in approximately 20% of patients with "pure" polymyalgia rheumatica. GCA fast-track clinics might regularly include these patients. A new score based on the intima-media thickness of the temporal and axillary arteries allows the monitoring of structural changes with treatment. The score decreases faster for the temporal arteries than it does for the axillary arteries. Measuring the diameter of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch might become a fast and cost-effective tool for the long-term monitoring of aortic aneurysms in extracranial GCA. Vascular ultrasound also has a role for Takayasu arteritis, thrombosis, Behçet's syndrome, and Raynaud's phenomenon.
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