The Effect of Long-Term Passage on Porcine SMCs' Function and the Improvement of TGF-β1 on Porcine SMCs' Secretory Function in Late Passage.

Cultured meat is one of the meat substitutes produced through tissue engineering and other technologies. Large-scale cell culture is the key for cultured meat products to enter the market. Therefore, this study is aimed to explore the effect of long-term passage in vitro on smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the effect of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on SMCs in the late passage. Multiple passages lead to the decline of the proliferation rate of SMCs in the proliferation stage and the differentiation ability in the differentiation stage. Transcriptome results showed that the ECM pathway and aging-related signaling pathways were significantly up-regulated in the late passage period. TGF-β1 did not promote SMCs of late passage proliferation at the proliferation stage but promoted the gene and protein expression of collagen as the main protein of the extracellular matrix proteins at the differentiation stage. In addition, proteomic analysis revealed that TGF-β1 promoted the expression of cell adhesion molecules which activate the Hippo signaling pathway and the HIF-1 signaling pathway and further promoted the production of collagen-containing extracellular matrix proteins. This could provide ideas for large-scale production of cultured meat products using SMCs.