Evolutions of synergistic binding between konjac glucomannan and xanthan with high pyruvate group content induced by monovalent and divalent cation concentration.

Synergistic interaction gels could be formed by synergistic type-A and type-B bindings between konjac glucomannan (KGM) and xanthan during cooling. Adding salt ions significantly altered those bindings and thus the gel-related properties. The results showed that adding NaCl or CaCl ₂ eliminated type-B binding due to an electrostatic shielding effect. Adding NaCl or CaCl ₂ (3 and 6 mM) enhanced type-A binding by neutralizing the negative charge of COOH and reducing the electrostatic repulsion among xanthan chains, as evidenced by an increase in the onset temperature of exotherm peak, the formation of more parallel multiple filaments, and an increase in aggregation structures (>1.0 nm) and gel hardness. When CaCl ₂ concentration was higher, Ca ²⁺ bridged side-chain clusters into more complex structures, which would hardly participate in the formation of helical structures and weaken type-A binding. The results obtained are beneficial for the rational design and preparation of KGM/xanthan gels with synergistic interaction.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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