Emissions from modern engines induce distinct effects in human olfactory mucosa cells, depending on fuel and aftertreatment.

Ultrafine particles (UFP) with a diameter of ≤0.1 μm, are contributors to ambient air pollution and derived mainly from traffic emissions, yet their health effects remain poorly characterized. The olfactory mucosa (OM) is located at the rooftop of the nasal cavity and directly exposed to both the environment and the brain. Mounting evidence suggests that pollutant particles affect the brain through the olfactory tract, however, the exact cellular mechanisms of how the OM responds to air pollutants remain poorly known. Here we show that the responses of primary human OM cells are altered upon exposure to UFPs and that different fuels and engines elicit different adverse effects. We used UFPs collected from exhausts of a heavy-duty-engine run with renewable diesel (A0) and fossil diesel (A20), and from a modern diesel vehicle run with renewable diesel (Euro6) and compared their health effects on the OM cells by assessing cellular processes on the functional and transcriptomic levels. Quantification revealed all samples as UFPs with the majority of particles being ≤0.1 μm by an aerodynamic diameter. Exposure to A0 and A20 induced substantial alterations in processes associated with inflammatory response, xenobiotic metabolism, olfactory signaling, and epithelial integrity. Euro6 caused only negligible changes, demonstrating the efficacy of aftertreatment devices. Furthermore, when compared to A20, A0 elicited less pronounced effects on OM cells, suggesting renewable diesel induces less adverse effects in OM cells. Prior studies and these results suggest that PAHs may disturb the inflammatory process and xenobiotic metabolism in the OM and that UFPs might mediate harmful effects on the brain through the olfactory route. This study provides important information on the adverse effects of UFPs in a human-based in vitro model, therefore providing new insight to form the basis for mitigation and preventive actions against the possible toxicological impairments caused by UFP exposure.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Katja Kanninen reports financial support was provided by The Academy of Finland. Katja Kanninen reports financial support was provided by The Sigrid Juselius Foundation. Katja Kanninen reports financial support was provided by Horizon 2020 European Innovation Council Fast Track to Innovation. Tarja Malm reports financial support was provided by Horizon 2020 European Innovation Council Fast Track to Innovation. Pasi Jalava reports financial support was provided by Horizon 2020 European Innovation Council Fast Track to Innovation. Laura Mussalo reports financial support was provided by Kuopio Area Respiratory Foundation. Laura Mussalo reports financial support was provided by Finnish Brain Foundation. Laura Mussalo reports financial support was provided by Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation. Laura Mussalo reports financial support was provided by Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation. Laura Mussalo reports financial support was provided by University of Eastern Finland.
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