Quantifying non-steady state natural gas leakage from the pipelines using an innovative sensor network and model for subsurface emissions - InSENSE.

Detecting and quantifying subsurface leaks remains a challenge due to the complex nature and extent of belowground leak scenarios. To address these scenarios, monitoring and evaluating changes in gas leakage behavior over space and time are crucial for ensuring safe and efficient responses to known or potential gas leaks. This study demonstrates the capability of linking environmental and gas concentration data obtained using a low-cost, near real-time methane (CH ₄ ) detector network and an inverse gas migration model to capture and quantify non-steady state belowground natural gas (NG) leaks. The Estimating Surface Concentration Above Pipeline Emission (ESCAPE) model was modified to incorporate the impact of soil properties on gas migration. Field-scale controlled NG experiments with leakage rates ranging from 37 to 121 g/h indicate that elevated belowground near-surface (BNS) gas concentrations persist long before elevated surface concentrations are observed. On average, BNS CH ₄ concentrations were 20%-486% higher than surface CH ₄ concentrations within the monitoring radius of 4 m from the leak location. An increase in the BNS CH ₄ concentration was observed within 3 h as the leak rate increased from 37 to 89 g/h. However, due to the atmospheric fluctuations, any changes in surface CH ₄ concentrations could not be confirmed within this period. The plume area of the BNS CH ₄ extended approximately two times farther than that of the surface CH ₄ as the gas leak rate increased from 37 to 121 g/h. The estimated NG leak rates by the modified ESCAPE model agreed well with the experimental NG leak rates (m = 0.99 and R ²  = 0.77), demonstrating that including soil characteristics and BNS CH ₄ measurements can advance estimations of non-steady NG leak rates in low and moderate NG leak rate scenarios. The CH ₄ detector network and model show potential as an innovative tool to improve operators' risk assessment and NG leakage response.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Kathleen Smits reports financial support was provided by the U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA).
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