Vitamin B 12 -loaded chitosan-based nanoparticle-embedded polymeric nanofibers for sublingual and transdermal applications: Two alternative application routes for vitamin B 12 .

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegeneration type that is biologically recognizable via β-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibril tangles. Global estimation for the total count of individuals enduring AD will rise up to 131 million by 2050. Investigations suggested the existence of a direct proportion between the likelihood of AD occurrence and vitamin B ₁₂ (VB ₁₂ ) hypovitaminosis. Approved VB ₁₂ administrations, intramuscular and oral, each has serious defects broaching the demand for alternative routes. This work developed VB ₁₂ -loaded chitosan/tripolyphosphate/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/TPP/PVA) nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone/polycaprolactone (PVP/PCL) nanofibrous (NFs) produced by pressurized gyration (PG) for sublingual and transdermal routes, respectively. Biomaterials were investigated morphologically, chemically, and thermally. Moreover, degradation, disintegration, release behavior, and release kinetics were analyzed. The effectiveness and safety of nanomaterials were assessed and proven with the alamarBlue test on the Aβ _1-42 -induced SH-SY5Y model. The final evaluation suggested the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of produced systems. Consequently, two alternative VB ₁₂ application routes were developed with high effectivity and low toxicity with the power of nanotechnology.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors all declare that there is no existing conflict of interest.
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