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Paleozoic cave system preserves oldest-known evidence of amniote skin.
- Source :
-
Current biology : CB [Curr Biol] 2024 Jan 22; Vol. 34 (2), pp. 417-426.e4. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jan 11. - Publication Year :
- 2024
-
Abstract
- The richest and most diverse assemblage of early terrestrial tetrapods is preserved within the infilled cave system of Richards Spur, Oklahoma (289-286 Mya <superscript>1</superscript> ). Some of the oldest-known terrestrial amniotes <superscript>2</superscript> <superscript>,</superscript> <superscript>3</superscript> are exquisitely preserved here because of early impregnation and encasement of organic material by oil-seep hydrocarbons within rapidly deposited clay-rich cave sediments under toxic anoxic conditions. <superscript>4</superscript> This phenomenon has also afforded the preservation of exceedingly rare integumentary soft tissues, reported here, providing critical first evidence into the anatomical changes marking the transition from the aquatic and semiaquatic lifestyles of anamniotes to the fully terrestrial lifestyles of early amniotes. This is the first record of a skin-cast fossil (3D carbonization of the skin proper) from the Paleozoic Era and the earliest known occurrence of epidermal integumentary structures. We also report on several compression fossils (carbonized skin impressions), all demonstrating similar external morphologies to extant crocodiles. A variety of previously unknown ossifications, as well as what are likely palpebral ossifications of the deeper dermis layer of the skin, are also documented. These fossils also serve as invaluable references for paleontological reconstructions. Chromatographic analysis of extractable hydrocarbons from bone and cave samples indicates that the source rock is the Devonian age Woodford Shale. Hydrocarbons derived from ancient marine organisms interacting with geologically younger terrestrial vertebrates have therefore resulted in the oldest-known preservation of amniote skin proper.<br />Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests.<br /> (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Subjects :
- Animals
Paleontology
Fossils
Hydrocarbons
Biological Evolution
Vertebrates
Skin
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1879-0445
- Volume :
- 34
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Current biology : CB
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 38215745
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.008