Angiogenic and Fibrogenic Dual-effect of Gremlin1 on Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.

Ocular angiogenic diseases, such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), are often characterized by pathological new vessels and fibrosis formation. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, despite of its efficiency to inhibit new vessels, has limitations, including drug resistance and retinal fibrosis. Here, we identified that Gremlin1, a novel angiogenesis and fibrosis inducer, was secreted from Müller glial cells, and its expression increased in the vitreous fluid from patients with PDR. Mechanistically, Gremlin1 triggered angiogenesis by promoting endothelial-mesenchymal transition via the EGFR/RhoA/ROCK pathway. In addition, Gremlin1 activated microglia to present profibrotic and fibrogenic properties. Further, anti-Gremlin1 antibody inhibited ocular angiogenesis and microglia fibrosis in mouse models. Collectively, Gremlin1 could be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of ocular angiogenic diseases.
Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.
(© The author(s).)