Conceptualizing flexible papers using cellulose model surfaces and polymer particles.

Cellulose, as a naturally abundant and biocompatible material, is still gaining interest due to its high potential for functionalization. This makes cellulose a promising candidate for replacing plastics. Understanding how cellulose interacts with various additives is crucial for creating composite materials with diverse properties, as it is the case for plastics. In addition, the mechanical properties of the composite materials are assumed to be related to the mobility of the additives against the cellulose. Using a well-defined cellulose model surface (CMS), we aim to understand the adsorption and desorption of two polymeric particles (core-shell particles and microgels) to/from the cellulose surface. The nanomechanics of particles and CMS are quantified by indentation measurements with an atomic force microscope (AFM). AFM topography measurements quantified particle adsorption and desorption on the CMS, while peak force AFM measurements determined the force needed to move individual particles. Both particles and the CMS exhibited pH-dependent charge behavior, allowing a tunable interaction between them. Particle adsorption was irreversible and driven by electrostatic forces. In contrast, desorption and particle mobility forces are dominated by structural morphology. In addition, we found that an annealing procedure consisting of swelling/drying cycles significantly increased the adhesion strength of both particles. Using the data, we achieve a deeper understanding of the interaction of cellulose with polymeric particles, with the potential to advance the development of functional materials and contribute to various fields, including smart packaging, sensors, and biomedical applications.