CO 2 emission hotspots analysis on supply chains for wooden houses in Japan.

Ninety-four percent of CO ₂ emissions induced by final demand in the global construction sector stem from the supply chain. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the CO ₂ emission hotspots within the supply chain and implement targeted reduction measures. This study proposed a supply chain clustering approach considering the functional unit of houses and identified CO ₂ emission hotspots within the supply chain structure of wooden houses, which accounted for approximately 90% of the total housing stock in Japan. We founded that the top ten CO ₂ emission clusters (i.e., emission hotspots) account for approximately 40% of the carbon footprint (38 t-CO ₂ ) of a wooden house. Specifically, the iron and steel cluster, which includes the pig iron and crude steel sectors, and the cement cluster, comprising the cement and ready-mixed concrete sectors, collectively contribute to approximately 75% of the CO ₂ emissions within the top 10 clusters. Therefore, the reduction of CO ₂ emissions from these clusters is of paramount importance. Decision-makers should promote renovation and remodeling policies for vacant houses and prioritize the reuse of foundations, predominantly constructed using steel and cement products, to reduce the supply-chain emissions from wooden houses.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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