Outcomes associated with ventilator-associated events (VAE), respiratory infections (VARI), pneumonia (VAP) and tracheobronchitis (VAT) in ventilated pediatric ICU patients: A multicentre prospective cohort study.

Objectives: An objective categorization of respiratory infections based on outcomes is an unmet clinical need. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and tracheobronchitis remain used in clinical practice, whereas ventilator-associated events (VAE) are limited to surveillance purposes.
Research Methodology/design: This was a secondary analysis from a multicentre observational prospective cohort study. VAE were defined as a sustained increase in minimum Oxygen inspired fraction (FiO2) and/or Positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) of ≥ 0.2/2 cm H ₂ O respectively, or an increase of 0.15 FiO ₂  + 1 cm H20 positive end-expiratory pressures for ≥ 1 calendar-day.
Setting: 15 Paediatric Intensive Care Units.
Main Outcome Measures: Mechanical ventilation duration, intensive care and hospital length of stay; (LOS) and mortality.
Results: A cohort of 391 ventilated children with an age (median, [Interquartile Ranges]) of 1 year[0.2-5.3] and 7 days[5-10] of mechanical ventilation were included. Intensive care and hospital stays were 11 [7-19] and 21 [14-39] days, respectively. Mortality was 5.9 %. Fifty-eight ventilator-associated respiratory infections were documented among 57 patients: Seventeen (29.3 %) qualified as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and 41 (70.7 %) as ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT). Eight pneumonias and 16 tracheobronchitis (47 % vs 39 %,P = 0.571) required positive end-expiratory pressure or oxygen increases consistent with ventilator-associated criteria. Pneumonias did not significantly impact on outcomes when compared to tracheobronchitis. In contrast, infections (pneumonia or tracheobronchitis) following VAEs criteria were associated with > 6, 8 and 15 extra-days of ventilation (16 vs 9.5, P = 0.001), intensive care stay (23.5 vs 15; P = 0.004) and hospital stay (39 vs 24; P = 0.015), respectively.
Conclusion: When assessing ventilated children with respiratory infections, VAE apparently is associated with higher ventilator-dependency and LOS compared with pneumonia or tracheobronchitis.
Implications for Practice: Incorporating the modification of ventilatory settings for further categorization of the respiratory infections may facilitate therapeutic management among ventilated patients.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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