Application of multiplanar reconstruction and 3D printing in anterior cruciate ligament revision.

Objectives: Anterior cruciate ligament injury is the most common type of knee joint ligament injury. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has a high failure rate, with bone tunnel abnormalities as the most significant factor in these failures. Digital orthopedic technology can effectively develop implementation plans for the revision, thus increasing the success rate. This study aims to develop a surgical plan for anterior cruciate ligament revision by employing multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) for measuring bone tunnel position and diameter, and simulating bone tunnel creation via 3D printing preoperatively.
Methods: A total of 12 patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament revision at the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between 2014 and 2021 were retrospectively studied. The data included patient demographics, preoperative formulated knee joint 3D printing models, and preoperative knee CT scans. The study measured the bone tunnel's diameter and position to guide the establishment of revision bone tunnels during surgery, reassessed the postoperative bone tunnels, and evaluated knee joint functional scores [including International Knee Documentation Committee Knee Evaluation Form (IKDC) score, Lysholm score, and Tegner exercise level score].
Results: Preoperative measurements revealed suboptimal femoral tunnels positions in 4 patients and tibial tunnels positions in 2 patients. MPR and 3D printing technology were used to guide the establishment of a new bone canal during surgery, and postoperative measurements were satisfactory for all patients. Preoperative measurements demonstrated the interclass correlation coefficient for femoral tunnels and tibial tunnels diameters were 0.843 ( P <0.05) and 0.889 ( P <0.001), respectively. Meanwhile, the intraclass correlation coefficient were 0.811 ( P <0.05) and 0.784 ( P <0.05), respectively. The intraoperative diameter of femoral and tibial tunnels showed excellent correlation with postoperative CT measurements, with intraclass correlation coefficient values of 0.995 ( P <0.001) and 0.987 ( P <0.001), respectively. All bone tunnel positions were within the normal range. At the final follow-up, knee joint function scores in all 12 patients improved significantly compared to pre-surgery ( P <0.001), and the reoperation rate was zero.
Conclusions: MPR and 3D printing technology can accurately measure the parameters of reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament bone tunnels. Personalized revision plans for patients with reconstruction failure enhances the success rate of revision surgery and improves patient prognosis.