Tunable and mode-locked Tm,Ho:GdScO 3 laser.

A novel, to the best of our knowledge, Tm,Ho:GdScO ₃ crystal grown using the Czochralski method was investigated for its polarized spectroscopic properties and laser performance in both tunable continuous-wave (CW) and mode-locked regimes. The crystal's multisite structure (Gd ³⁺ /Sc ³⁺ site) and Tm ³⁺ /Ho ³⁺ dopants contributed to spectral broadening, enabling a tunable laser operation from 1914 to 2125 nm (with a broad range of 215 nm). Additionally, a pulse duration of 72 fs was achieved for E || b polarization. These results demonstrate the potential of the Tm,Ho:GdScO ₃ perovskite crystal as a promising gain material for ultrafast lasers operating around 2 µm.