Impact of p-cresol on hydrogen sulfide and ammonia treatment by biotrickling filter and the production of nitrous oxide.

Biotrickling filter (BTF) is often used for purification of waste gas from swine houses, with vital information still needed regarding interaction effects among multiple gas pollutants removal and also the formation of byproducts especially nitrous oxide (N ₂ O, a strong greenhouse gas) due to the relative high NH ₃ concentration level compared to other gases. In this study, gas removal and N ₂ O production were compared between two BTFs, where the inlet gas of BTF-1 contained NH ₃ and H ₂ S while p-cresol was additionally supplied to BTF-2. At inlet load (IL) between 3.67 and 18.91 g m ^-3 h ^-1 , removal efficiencies of NH ₃ exceeded 95% for both BTFs. As alternative strategy, adding thiosulfate improved H ₂ S removal. Interestingly, presence of p-cresol to some extent promoted H ₂ S removal at IL of 0.56 g m ^-3 h ^-1 possibly due to effect on pH value of circulating solution. Similar to NH ₃ , removal efficiencies of p-cresol were higher than 95% at an average IL of 2.98 g m ^-3 h ^-1 . Gas residence time, pH of circulating solution and inlet loading were identified as key factors affecting BTF performance, but the response of individual gas compound to these factors was not consistent. Overall, p-cresol enhanced N ₂ O generation although the effects were not always significant. High-throughput sequencing results showed that Proteobacteria accounted for the largest proportion of relative abundance and BTF-2 had much richer microbial diversity compared to BTF-1. Thermomonas, Comamonas, Rhodanobacter and other bacterial genus capable of denitrification were detected in both BTFs, and their corresponding abundances in BTF-2 (10.9%, 8.7% and 5.2%) were all greater than those in BTF-1 (0.4%, 0.3% and 2.0%), indicating that more denitrification may occur within BTF-2 and higher N ₂ O could have been generated. This study provided evidence that organic gas components, served as carbon source, may increase the N ₂ O production from BTF when treating waste gases containing NH ₃ .
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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