Protamine 2 Deficiency Results In Septin 12 Abnormalities.

There is a well-established link between abnormal sperm chromatin states and poor motility, however, how these two processes are interdependent is unknown. Here, we identified a possible mechanistic insight by showing that Protamine 2, a nuclear DNA packaging protein in sperm, directly interacts with cytoskeletal protein Septin 12, which is associated with sperm motility. Septin 12 has several isoforms, and we show, that in the Prm2 ^-/- sperm, the short one (Mw 36 kDa) is mislocalized, while two long isoforms (Mw 40 and 41 kDa) are unexpectedly lost in Prm2 ^-/- sperm chromatin-bound protein fractions. Septin 12 co-immunoprecipitated with Protamine 2 in the testicular cell lysate of WT mice and with Lamin B1/B2/B3 in co-transfected HEK cells despite we did not observe changes in Lamin B2/B3 protein or SUN4 expression in Prm2 ^-/- testes. Furthermore, the Prm2 ^-/- sperm have on average a smaller sperm nucleus and aberrant acrosome biogenesis. In humans, patients with low sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) have imbalanced histone- protamine 1/2 ratio and modified levels of cytoskeletal proteins. We detected retained Septin 12 isoforms (Mw 40 and 41 kDa) in the sperm membrane, chromatin-bound and tubulin/mitochondria protein fractions, which was not true for healthy normozoospermic men. In conclusion, our findings expand the current knowledge regarding the connection between Protamine 2 and Septin 12 expression and localization, resulting in low sperm motility and morphological abnormalities.