Risk Factors for Rebleeding After Endoscopic Injection of Cyanoacrylate Glue for Gastric Varices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Rebleeding is a significant complication of endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate in gastric varices in cirrhotic patients.
Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficiency of endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection and summarized the risk factors for rebleeding.
Methods: Databases were searched for articles published between January 2012 and December 2022. Studies evaluating the efficiency of endoscopic injection of cyanoacrylate glue for gastric varices and the risk factors for rebleeding were included.
Results: The final analysis included data from 24 studies. The hemostatic rates ranged from 65 to 100%. The pooled rate of gastric varices recurrence was 34% [95% CI 21-46, I ²  = 61.4%], early rebleeding rate was 16% [95% CI 11-20, I ²  = 37.4%], late rebleeding rate was 39% [95% CI 36-42, I ²  = 90.9%], mild and moderate adverse events rate were 28% [95% CI 24-31, I ²  = 91.6%], 3% [95% CI - 2 to 8, I ²  = 15.3%], rebleeding-related mortality rate was 6% [95% CI 2-10, I ²  = 0%], all-cause mortality rate was 17% [95% CI 12-22, I ²  = 63.6%]. Independent risk factors for gastric variceal rebleeding included portal venous thrombosis, ascites, cyanoacrylate volume, fever/systemic inflammatory response syndrome, red Wale sign, previous history of variceal bleeding, active bleeding and paragastric veins. The use of proton pump inhibitors could be a protective factor.
Conclusions: Endoscopic cyanoacrylate glue injection is an effective and safe treatment for gastric varices. Cirrhotic patients with the above risk factors may benefit from treatment aimed at reducing portal hypertension, antibiotic prophylaxis, and anticoagulation if they meet the indications.
(© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)