Influence of entropy on catalytic performance of high-entropy oxides (NiMgZnCuCoOx) in peroxymonosulfate-mediated acetaminophen degradation.

Developing a high-performance activator is crucial for the practical application of peroxymonosulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PMS-AOPs). High-entropy oxides (HEOs) have attracted increasing attention due to their stable crystal structure, flexible composition and unique functionality. However, research into the mechanisms by which HEOs function as PMS activators for degrading organic pollutants remains insufficient, and the relationship between entropy and the catalytic performance of HEOs has yet to be clarified. In this study, we synthesized NiMgZnCuCoO _x with different levels of entropy as PMS activators for acetaminophen (APAP) degradation, and observed a significant effect for entropy on the catalytic performance. Sulfate radicals (SO ₄ • ^‒ ) were identified as the primary reactive oxygen species (ROS), while hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and singlet oxygen ( ¹ O ₂ ) act as secondary ROS during APAP degradation. Both the Co ²⁺ contents and the oxygen vacancy concentration in NiMgZnCuCoO _x are found to increase with the entropy. An increase in the Co ²⁺ sites leads to more activation sites for PMS activation, while excessive oxygen vacancies consume PMS, producing weak oxidation species, and affect the electron-donating ability of Co ²⁺ . Consequently, the NiMgZnCuCoO _x with middle level of entropy exhibits the optimal performance with APAP degradation rate and mineralization rate reaching 100% and 74.22%, respectively. Furthermore, the degradation intermediates and their toxicities were assessed through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis. This work is expected to provide critical insight into the impact of the HEOs entropy on the PMS activation and guide the rational design of highly efficient peroxymonosulfate activators for environmental applications.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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