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The role of CD4 + T cells in visceral leishmaniasis; new and emerging roles for NKG7 and TGFβ.
- Source :
-
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology [Front Cell Infect Microbiol] 2024 May 31; Vol. 14, pp. 1414493. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 May 31 (Print Publication: 2024). - Publication Year :
- 2024
-
Abstract
- Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially devastating neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and L. infantum ( chagasi ). These parasites reside in tissue macrophages and survive by deploying a number of mechanisms aimed at subverting the host immune response. CD4 <superscript>+</superscript> T cells play an important role in controlling Leishmania parasites by providing help in the form of pro-inflammatory cytokines to activate microbiocidal pathways in infected macrophages. However, because these cytokines can also cause tissue damage if over-produced, regulatory immune responses develop, and the balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory CD4 <superscript>+</superscript> T cells responses determines the outcomes of infection. Past studies have identified important roles for pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and TNF, as well as regulatory co-inhibitory receptors and the potent anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. More recently, other immunoregulatory molecules have been identified that play important roles in CD4 <superscript>+</superscript> T cell responses during VL. In this review, we will discuss recent findings about two of these molecules; the NK cell granule protein Nkg7 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFβ, and describe how they impact CD4 <superscript>+</superscript> T cell functions and immune responses during visceral leishmaniasis.<br />Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.<br /> (Copyright © 2024 Na and Engwerda.)
- Subjects :
- Humans
Animals
Macrophages immunology
Leishmania infantum immunology
Cytokines metabolism
Leishmaniasis, Visceral immunology
Leishmaniasis, Visceral parasitology
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology
Transforming Growth Factor beta metabolism
Transforming Growth Factor beta immunology
Leishmania donovani immunology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 2235-2988
- Volume :
- 14
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 38881737
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1414493