Exposures to particulate matters and childhood sleep disorders-A large study in three provinces in China.

Objectives: Evidence on the link between long-term ambient particulate matter (PM) exposures and childhood sleep disorders were scarce. We examined the associations between long-term exposures to PM _2.5 and PM ₁ (PM with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter <2.5 μm and <1 μm, respectively) with sleep disorders in children.
Methods: We performed a population-based cross-sectional survey in 177,263 children aged 6 to 18 years in 14 Chinese cities during 2012-2018. A satellite-based spatiotemporal model was employed to estimate four-year annual average PM _2.5 and PM ₁ exposures at residential and school addresses. Parents or guardians completed a checklist using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. We estimated the associations using generalized linear mixed models with adjustment for characteristics of children, parents, and indoor environments.
Results: Long-term PM _2.5 and PM ₁ exposures were positively associated with odds of sleep disorders for almost all domains. For example, increments in PM _2.5 and PM ₁ per 10 μg/m ³ were associated with odds ratios of global sleep disorder of 1.24 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.14, 1.35) and 1.31 (95 %CI: 1.18, 1.46), respectively. Similar results were observed for subtypes of sleep disorder. These associations were heterogeneous regionally, with stronger associations among children residing in southeast region than in northeast and northwest regions. Moreover, larger estimates of PM ₁ were found than that of PM _2.5 in southeast region.
Conclusion: Long-term PM _2.5 and PM ₁ exposures are independently associated with higher risks of childhood sleep disorders, and these associations vary by geographical region.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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