The pH paradox.

This paper highlights the critical role of pH or proton activity measurements in environmental studies and emphasises the importance of applying proper statistical approaches when handling pH data. This allows for more informed decisions to effectively manage environmental data such as from mining influenced water. Both the pH and {H ⁺ } of the same system display different distributions, with pH mostly displaying a normal or bimodal distribution and {H ⁺ } showing a lognormal distribution. It is therefore a challenge of whether to use pH or {H ⁺ } to compute the mean or measures of central tendency for further environmental statistical analyses. In this study, different statistical techniques were applied to understand the distribution of pH and {H ⁺ } from four different mine sites, Metsämonttu in Finland, Felsendome Rabenstein in Germany, Eastrand and Westrand mine water treatment plants in South Africa. Based on the statistical results, the geometric mean can be used to calculate the average of pH if the distribution is unimodal. For a multimodal pH data distribution, peak identifying methods can be applied to extract the mean for each data population and use them for further statistical analyses.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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