Design, synthesis and anti-inflammatory assessment of certain substituted 1,2,4-triazoles bearing tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold as COX 1/2-inhibitors.

Aiming to discover effective and safe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, a new set of 1,2,4-triazole tetrahydroisoquinoline hybrids 9a-g, 11a-g and 12a-g was synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of COX-1 and COX-2. In order to overcome the adverse effects of highly selective COX-2 and non-selective COX-2 inhibitors, the compounds of this study were designed with the goal of obtaining moderately selective COX-2 inhibitors. In this study compounds 9e, 9g and 11f are the most effective derivatives against COX-2 with IC ₅₀ values 0.87, 1.27 and 0.58 µM, respectively which are better than or comparable to the standard drug celecoxib (IC ₅₀  = 0.82 µM) but with lower selectivity indices as required by our goal design. The results of the in vivo anti-inflammatory inhibition test revealed that compounds 9e, 9g and 11f displayed a higher significant anti-inflammatory activity than celecoxib at all-time intervals. In addition, these compounds significantly decreased the production of inflammatory mediators PGE-2, TNF-ɑ and IL-6. Compounds 9e, 9g and 11f had a safe gastric profile compared to indomethacin, also compound 11f (ulcerogenic index = 1.33) was less ulcerous than the safe celecoxib (ulcerogenic index = 3). Moreover, histopathological investigations revealed a normal architecture of both paw skin and gastric mucosa after oral treatment of rats with compound 11f. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were performed on COX-1 and COX-2 to study the binding pattern of compounds 9e, 9g and 11f on both isoenzymes.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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