Guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones from Cichorium glandulosum and their anti-neuroinflammation activities.

Eight undescribed guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones cicholosumins A-H and twelve known ones were isolated from the aerial parts of Cichorium glandulosum Boiss et Huet. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism, quantum chemical calculations and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 9α-hydroxy-3-deoxyzaluzanin C, epi-8α-angeloyloxycichoralexin, 8-O-methylsenecioylaustricin and lactucin showed strong anti-neuroinflammation activity with IC ₅₀ values of 1.69 ± 0.11, 1.08 ± 0.23, 1.67 ± 0.28 and 1.82 ± 0.27 μM, respectively. The mechanism research indicated that epi-8α-angeloyloxycichoralexin inhibited neuroinflammation through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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