Identification and Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterase Genes Involved in Spirodiclofen Resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor).

Overexpression of carboxyl/cholinesterase (CCE) genes has been reported to be associated with many cases of pesticide resistance in arthropods. However, it has been rarely documented that CCE genes participate in spirodiclofen resistance in Panonychus citri . In previous research, we found that spirodiclofen resistance is related to increased P450 and CCE enzyme activities in P. citri . In this study, we identified two CCE genes, PcCCE3 and PcCCE5 , which were significantly upregulated in spirodiclofen-resistant strain and after exposure to spirodiclofen. RNA interference of PcCCE3 and PcCCE5 increased the spirodiclofen susceptibility in P. citri . In vitro metabolism indicated that Pc CCE3 and Pc CCE5 could interact with spirodiclofen, but metabolites were detected only in the Pc CCE3 treatment. Our results indicated that Pc CCE3 participates in spirodiclofen resistance through direct metabolism, and Pc CCE5 may be involved in the spirodiclofen resistance by passive binding and sequestration, which provides new insights into spirodiclofen resistance in P. citri .