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Overcoming the age-dependent SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response through hybrid immunity: analysis of humoral and cellular immunity with mass cytometry profiling.
- Source :
-
Immunity & ageing : I & A [Immun Ageing] 2024 Jul 30; Vol. 21 (1), pp. 51. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jul 30. - Publication Year :
- 2024
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Abstract
- Background: Age-dependent immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations and breakthrough infections (BIs) in young and middle-aged individuals are unclear.<br />Methods: This nationwide multicenter prospective cohort study analyzed immune responses in participants of the ChAdOx1 (ChAd)-ChAd-mRNA vaccine group using cytometry by time-of-flight, anti-spike protein antibody (Sab) and anti-nucleocapsid antibody (Nab) titers, plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays at various time points.<br />Results: We evaluated 347 participants with an average age of 38.9 ± 9.4 years (range: 21-63). There was a significant inverse correlation between age and Sab levels after the second dose (slope - 14.96, P = 0.032), and this was more pronounced after the third dose (slope - 208.9, P < 0.001). After BIs, older participants showed significantly higher Sab titers (slope 398.8, P = 0.001), reversing the age-related decline observed post-vaccination. This reversal was also observed in PRNTs against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the BA.1 and BA.5 variants. IFN-γ responses increased markedly after the third dose and Bis, but showed a weak positive correlation with age, without statistical significance. Immune cell profiling revealed an age-dependent decrease in the proportions of B-cell lineage cells. The proportions of naive CD4 <superscript>+</superscript> and CD8 <superscript>+</superscript> T cells were inversely correlated with age, whereas the proportions of mature T cell subsets with memory function, including memory CD4 <superscript>+</superscript> T, CD8 <superscript>+</superscript> T <subscript>EM</subscript> , CD8 <superscript>+</superscript> T <subscript>EMRA</subscript> , and T <subscript>FH</subscript> cells, increased with age.<br />Conclusions: Age-dependent waning of the serologic response to COVID-19 vaccines occurred even in middle-aged individuals, but was reversed after BIs. IFN-γ responses were preserved, compensating for the decrease in naive T cell populations, with an increase in memory T cell populations.<br /> (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1742-4933
- Volume :
- 21
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Immunity & ageing : I & A
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 39080742
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-024-00454-z