The sediment of a river having ''good ecological status" turned out to be toxic to midge Chironomus riparius larvae: Implication for environmental monitoring?

Globally, monitoring of the surface waters is largely limited to the physico-chemical analysis of water in rivers and lakes. Sediment state in the aquatic systems including sediment chemical content or the structure and diversity of benthic communities or ecotoxicological studies with natural sediments remains largely overlooked by the monitoring programs. Hence we assessed the potential toxicity of three riverine sediments on the life-cycle traits (emergence and reproduction) of midge Chironomus riparius via an ecotoxicological testing method over two generations (according to OECD test 233 guidelines). In addition, the riverine sediments were spiked with polyamide (nylon) microplastic particles (1 g kg ^-1 ) to analyze an additive effect of microplastic on the sediment toxicity. As model river systems, three rivers (Karchaghbyur, Gavaraget, Argichi) in the Lake Sevan basin (Armenia) were selected. Results of ecotoxicity testing were compared with the indices of water quality (derived from the physico-chemical analysis) and the indices of the ecological status of the rivers (derived from the analysis of benthic communities). The results of testing demonstrated an unexpectedly low emergence of midges after the first generation exposed to the sediment of the river having ''good ecological status'' - the Argichi. Sediments of the Karchaghbyur and Gavaraget rivers impeded the emergence and reproduction of midges after the second generation. An addition of polyamide particles to the sediments did not significantly affect the life-cycle traits of C. riparius indicating the primary effect of the sediments' condition. The discrepancy of biotesting result with that of the other two methods (which indicated ''average water quality'' and "good ecological status") underlies the importance of designing more comprehensive monitoring programs for better assessment and protection of aquatic systems and resources.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Bardukh Gabrielyan reports financial support was provided by Science Committee of the Ministry of Education Science Culture and Sports of the Republic of Armenia. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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