[Multi-time Scale Variation of Atmospheric Ammonia Concentration and Dry Deposition in a Paddy Rice Region in Subtropical China].

Meteorological factors and anthropogenic activities significantly affect atmospheric ammonia （NH ₃ ） concentration and its dry deposition. Former studies have examined the spatial and temporal variability in atmospheric NH ₃ concentrations at monthly scales. However, the characteristics of atmospheric concentrations at finer time scales such as hourly and daily scales and the influencing factors remain unclear. In this study, atmospheric NH ₃ concentration and related meteorological factors were continuously monitored online for one year in a double cropping rice region in subtropical China, and atmospheric NH ₃ concentration and its meteorological influencing factors as well as dry deposition were analyzed at different time scales （hourly, daily, and monthly）. The main results were as follows： The annual average daily concentration of NH ₃ in the rice area varied from 0.01 to 58.0 μg·m ^-3 （in N, same below）, and the annual average concentration was 5.3 μg·m ^-3 . On the hourly scale, the 24-hour dynamics of atmospheric NH ₃ concentration showed a unimodal pattern, and the time of the NH ₃ peak appearance in different seasons was different； the time of the peak that appeared in winter lagged behind that in the other seasons. From the perspective of daily scale, NH ₃ concentration was mainly affected by fertilization in the paddy fields, peaking at 1-3 days after fertilization and then gradually decreasing. On the monthly scale, NH ₃ concentration peaked at 12.8 μg·m ^-3 in July and was the lowest in October at 1.6 μg·m ^-3 . On the hourly scale, NH ₃ concentration varied seasonally due to the influences of meteorological factors, mainly as follows： NH ₃ concentration showed significant positive correlations with air temperature and solar radiation in all four seasons and with wind speed in spring and summer, whereas it showed significant negative correlations with relative humidity except in winter. On the daily scale, NH ₃ concentration showed a significant positive correlation with air temperature, rainfall, and solar radiation, whereas it showed a significant negative correlation with relative humidity. On the monthly scale, no significant correlation existed between each meteorological factor and NH ₃ concentration. The annual dry deposition flux （in N） calculated from the hourly average NH ₃ concentration was 8.5 kg·（hm ² ·a） ^-1 , which was 11.6% higher than the annual flux calculated from the daily average and 12.4% higher than the annual flux calculated from the monthly average. In summary, there were significant daily and seasonal variations in atmospheric NH ₃ concentration in the paddy rice region in subtropical China, and conducting hourly-scale observations of NH ₃ concentration can help to reveal the multi-time scale variations in NH ₃ concentration and to quantify NH ₃ dry deposition more accurately.