Mindsets over matter: priming theory of mind improves older adults' mental state attributions about naturalistic social interactions.

Objectives: Aging is associated with declines in theory of mind - the ability to infer the mental states of others. We examined whether priming theory of mind mindsets actively (Study 1) and passively (Study 2) improved older adults' performance.
Method: Across two studies, participants completed a novel question-and-answer theory of mind task using the television show Nathan for You ^® in a mindset or no mindset condition. In Study 1, participants ( N  = 324, 18-84 years) completed a similar task related to a different show prior to the Nathan for You task (active mindset). In Study 2, young ( N  = 235; M _Age = 20.47) and older ( N  = 193, M _Age = 74.48) adults made continuous ratings of awkwardness of different episodes of Nathan for You before completing the question-and-answer task (passive mindset). We also measured executive function and episodic memory. In both studies, the same tasks were performed in reverse order for the control conditions (no mindset).
Results: Mindsets were associated with small-to-medium increases in theory of mind performance. Cognitive ability did not explain these improvements.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that theory of mind performance can be improved through motivation (e.g. mindsets); cognitive function (e.g. ability) does not moderate this relationship.