A novel fluorescence platform for portable and visual monitoring of meat freshness.

Biogenic amines (BAs) are crucial markers of meat spoilage. Developing practical and effective BAs detection methods is essential for monitoring meat freshness and ensuring daily consumption safety. This study prepared several naphthalene-based fluorescent compounds to visually monitor meat freshness in real-time. These probes show a colorimetric fluorescence response to putrescine and cadaverine (typical spoilage indicators) through nucleophilic addition/elimination reaction. The detectability of these probes can be optimized by altering the electronegativity and substitution position of the recognition group. Among these compounds, 2-((6-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)naphthalen-2-yl)methylene)malono nitrile (TNMA) demonstrated exceptional sensing performance toward putrescine and cadaverine, including high-contrast fluorescence color transition (red to blue), rapid response times (∼30 s), high selectivity and sensitivity (detection limit for putrescine: 2.69 ppm, cadaverine: 6.11 ppm). Furthermore, the B/R values of TNMA test strips output by RGB analysis presented a linear correlation with total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN, an international standard for evaluating food spoilage) values in pork. Based on this correlation, we utilized smartphone applications to construct an intelligent evaluation system, enabling visual monitoring of pork, chicken, and shrimp freshness under various storage conditions. The TNMA-based system offers a reliable platform for real-time, portable and visual monitoring of meat freshness for consumers and suppliers in the food industry.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Sili Yi reports financial support and equipment, drugs, or supplies were provided by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China. Feipeng Yuan reports financial support and equipment, drugs, or supplies were provided by Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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