Immobilizing lead in aqueous solution and loess soil using microbially induced carbonate/phosphate precipitation (MICP/MIPP) under harsh pH environments.

The bioaccumulation of heavy metals due to metallurgical and smelting activities threatens human health. Although microbial-induced carbonate/phosphate precipitation (MICP/MIPP) technology has been applied to heavy metal remediation, the relative merits of MICP and MIPP, especially under extreme pH environments, have not yet been documented. In this study, Sporosarcina pasteurii (SP)-based MICP and Bacillus megaterium (BM)-based MIPP were applied to immobilize lead (Pb) in aqueous solution and loess soil. The results showed that the BM retained a strong phosphorolysis ability when under strongly acidic conditions, while the ureolysis ability of SP approached zero. Furthermore, the bioprecipitates obtained under BM-based MIPP had a denser appearance, presumably due to the enrichment of calcite and apatite crystals. The results also showed that Pb immobilization was achieved through bacterial adsorption, the chelate function of sodium glycerophosphate (SGP), large organic matter complexation, and biomineralization through the MICP/MIPP mechanism. Under SP-based MICP, SP and large organic matter immobilized Pb ²⁺ at rates of 17.6 % and 31.7 %, respectively, while under BM-based MIPP, BM, organic matter, and SGP immobilized Pb ²⁺ at rates of 21.5 %, 23.4 %, and 48.5 % respectively. The MICP and MIPP mechanisms dominated Pb immobilization at rates of 78.6 % and 99.6 %, respectively.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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