Comparison of four different protocols using levobupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia in red-footed tortoises ( Chelonoidis carbonarius ).

Background: The popularity of tortoises kept in captivity is increasing and has caused concern regarding the necessity to establish safe and straightforward anaesthesia for those reptiles.
Aim: This study aimed to compare four protocols using levobupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia for the blockade of the caudal neuraxis of red-footed tortoises ( Chelonoidis carbonarius ).
Methods: Twenty-four tortoises were randomly assigned into four groups: G1, levobupivacaine 0.75% (1.15 mg kg ^-1 ); G2, levobupivacaine 0.37% (1.15 mg kg ^-1 ); G3, levobupivacaine 0.75% (2.3 mg kg ^-1 ); and G4, levobupivacaine 0.75% (0.1 ml 5 cm ^-1 of straight carapace length). Tortoises were evaluated for respiratory rate, muscle relaxation, response to hindlimb or tail pinch, and cloacal reflex.
Results: A 1.15 mg kg ^-1 dose of levobupivacaine 0.37% appears adequate for shorter procedures, whereas a 1.15 mg kg ^-1 dose of levobupivacaine 0.75% should be appropriate for longer procedures in red-footed tortoises.
Conclusion: Our results are the first to show the effects of levobupivacaine on spinal anaesthesia in reptiles. Weight-based doses presented more intense and more homogeneous effects than carapace length-based doses in red-footed tortoises. Spinal anaesthesia of red-footed tortoises was safe and effective with any of the weight-based protocols.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.