Menopause and endometriosis.

The shift in paradigm from the belief that endometriosis exclusively affects women of reproductive age has brought attention to its manifestation in postmenopausal patients. Despite this emerging awareness, there remains a dearth of information in the literature regarding postmenopausal endometriosis, with uncertainties surrounding its prevalence, clinical significance, optimal management strategies, and prognosis. Clinical manifestations of endometriosis in menopausal patients lack specificity, with pain onset possible at any stage of life. The primary approach for symptomatic postmenopausal endometriosis continues to be surgical excision, serving both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes while mitigating the risk of coexisting malignancies. Managing the disease in postmenopausal women presents challenges due to possible contraindications for menopausal hormone therapy and the elevated risk of recurrence and malignant transformation. However, conclusive data regarding the appropriateness of menopausal hormone therapy in women with endometriosis or a history of the disease are lacking. Current recommendations lean towards prioritizing combined menopausal hormone therapy formulations or tibolone over estrogen-only therapies due to their potentially higher malignancy risk. The possible increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women with endometriosis is likely linked to a history of surgical menopause at an earlier age, but more research is warranted. This narrative review summarizes the available literature and provides insights into the intricate connection between endometriosis and menopause, shedding light on pathogenesis, symptoms, oncologic risk, diagnosis, and treatment.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Rossella E. Nappi had past financial relationships (lecturer, member of advisory boards and/or consultant) with Boehringer Ingelheim, Ely Lilly, Endoceutics, Exeltis, HRA Pharma, Palatin Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Procter & Gamble Co, TEVA Women's Health Inc. and Zambon SpA. At present, she has on-going relationship with Abbott, Astellas, Bayer HealthCare AG, Besins Healthcare, Fidia, Gedeon Richter, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Organon & Co, Shionogi Limited, Theramex, Viatris, and Vichy Laboratories. None of these are relevant to the present work. All the other authors have nothing to disclose.
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