Increased risk of adverse events among patients with vs. without systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease prescribed sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) patients have been excluded from sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) trials given putative risks, but this risk magnitude is unknown. We aimed to quantify SGLT2i adverse event risks among patients with vs. without SARD.   METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study, patients with SARD at Mass General Brigham, a multihospital system in Boston, Massachusetts, prescribed SGLT2i were age-, self-reported race-, and sex-matched to patients prescribed the same SGLT2i between 1/1/2016 and 12/10/2021. Cumulative incidence and Cox models, overall and sex-stratified, estimated patient-reported adverse event risks from prescription date, censoring for discontinuation, death, or study end (12/12/2022).
Results: Four hundred sixty-eight SARD and 420 matched non-SARD patients were compared: mean age 64 years (SD 11.3), 61% female, and 70% White. SARD patients had shorter SGLT2i use duration (8.4 vs. 12.7 months; p < 0.0001) and time to adverse event (0.59 vs. 0.85 years; p 0.04). Yeast infections (9.8% vs. 6.2%; p 0.047) and muscular symptoms (3.4% vs. 1.0%, p 0.01) were more prevalent among those with SARD. Adjusting for baseline demographics, adverse event risk was higher (MV HR 1.68; 95% CI 1.28, 2.21), in patients with vs. without SARD. Risk was higher in women than men overall and in women with SARD vs. without (adjusted HR 1.86; 95% CI 1.36, 2.54).
Conclusion: Patients with vs. without SARD had 68% higher adverse event risk with SGLT2i use. Women with vs. without SARD had > 85% higher adverse event risks, although most were not serious. Trials of safety and efficacy of SGLT2i among SARD patients are warranted. Key Points •To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare adverse events associated with SGLT2i utilization in patients with vs. without SARD, despite RCT exclusion and documented SGLT2i use in the population. •In our comparison of 468 patients with SARD and 420 patients without, we identified a greater than 65% increase in risk of adverse event outcomes among patients with SARD. •Furthermore, we found that this risk disproportionately affected female patients, with a 4.4-fold increased risk among women with SARD compared to men without.
Competing Interests: Compliance with ethical standards. Dr. Costenbader acknowledges the following disclosures: Amgen (consultant, grant/research support); AstraZeneca (grant/research support); Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) (consultant); Cabaletta Bio (consultant); Eli Lilly (consultant); Exagen Diagnostics (grant/research support); Gilead (grant/research support); GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) (consultant, grant/research support); and Janssen (consultant, grant/research support). Dr. Choi has received consultant fees from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Werfen, MitogenDx, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Organon, and Celltrion. Disclaimer: The funders had no role in the decision to publish or preparation of this manuscript. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of Harvard University, its affiliated academic health care centers, or the National Institutes of Health. Disclosure: None.
(© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR).)