Producing agri-food derived composts from coffee husk as primary feedstock at different temperature conditions.

There is a great global concern about agricultural wastes from food and feed crop processing that have significant environmental impacts. Composting is the most environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and efficient processes that can solve the problems of accumulation and toxicity of agricultural waste. The aim of this study is the detoxification of coffee husk by composting at two temperature conditions ("warm" and "cold"). In the greenhouse, the ambient temperature was changed day by day to mimic the situation of a spring to summer "warm" period (≈16-34 °C) and a spring "cold" period (≈7-20 °C) typical of central Italy. The coffee industry should accept the responsibility for the large amount of organic waste production, which presents toxicity and mass accumulation problems. Coffee husk as the main raw material is not used directly as bio-fertilizer in agriculture sector due to the leaching of phenolic compounds and high pH value. The brewing industry is famous for its mass production, and the brewer residues as a by-product have an extremely acidic pH that makes them an unsuitable material for direct composting, but the mixture of these materials can optimize pH. The addition of cow manure accelerates microbial activity and is a strategy to improve composting rate and maturity. The following mixtures were tested: coffee husk and brewer spent grains in a proportion of 2:1 (Compost 1), coffee husk and cow manure in a proportion of 4:1 (Compost 2), and coffee husk, brewer spent grain, and cow manure in a proportion of 5:3:2 (Compost 3). Quality and maturity of the final composts appeared to be affected by the ambient temperature conditions, which remarkably affected pH, C/N ratio, nutrient and trace elements availability, germination index, microbial biomass carbon, and FDA hydrolysis. Results showed that both sets of temperatures produced composts to be considered standard compost, but "warm" conditions compost showed greater maturity, while the composts produced under "cold" conditions were able to increase seed gemination.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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