Effect of optimized food-based recommendations on nutrient intakes, hemoglobin levels, and memory performance of adolescent girls in East Java, Indonesia.

Background: FAO/WHO introduced food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) to promote healthy dietary habits. To translate the FBDG, optimized food-based recommendations (FBR) can be developed using linear programming (LP) to address problem nutrients. Despite the importance of local-specific FBR for anemia prevention, no study has reported the effect of nutrition education which promoted FBR in adolescent girls. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of optimized FBR in adolescent girls in improving dietary and nutrient intakes, hemoglobin levels, and memory performance.
Methods: The intervention study was carried out in Malang District, Indonesia amongst 14-18 year adolescent girls. The study's Indonesian slogan was Remaja which meant Active, Healthy, Smart, and Creative adolescents. The optimized FBR was developed using LP and translated into six key messages. Twenty-week nutrition education was integrated into the weekly school's system.
Results: After 20 weeks, a significant increase in dietary practices (animal protein, liver, plant protein, vegetables), nutrient intakes (protein, fat, iron), and memory performance (digit span forward and backward) were found in the intervention group. In contrast, there was decreases in the control group's intakes of animal and plant protein.
Conclusions: This finding shows that nutrition education with optimized FBR increased intakes of nutrient-dense food, protein, fat, iron, and memory performance (concentration). Nutrition education with optimized FBR should be integrated into the school system together with weekly iron supplementation for anemia prevention among these adolescent girls.
Trial Registration: The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ID No: NCT03946475).
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ID No: NCT03946475) and received ethical clearance approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (Reference No: 01/UN2.F1/ETIK/2016). Permission from the local government was obtained to conduct the research. Each respondent was provided with complete information about the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all respondents who agreed to participate in the intervention study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)