Association between urban green space and transmission of COVID-19 in Oslo, Norway: A Bayesian SIR modeling approach.

Background: Access to green spaces can provide opportunities for physical activities and social interactions in urban areas during times with strict social distancing. In particular COVID-19 transmission is reduced in ventilated areas. During several waves of the pandemic, this study explores the association between access to urban green spaces and COVID-19 transmission at the district level in Norway's capital, Oslo.
Methods: We used daily numbers of confirmed laboratory PCR tests on district levels reported from the second to the fifth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, from October 15, 2020 to April 15, 2022 in Oslo. We included the population's access to urban green spaces using two objective measurements: percentage of green area (%Ga) and vegetation cover (NDVI) using 300 and 1000 m buffers. The socio-demographic variables percentage of low-income population, average life expectancy and population density were also included. A Bayesian Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model was used to take advantage of the daily updated data on COVID-19 incidence and account for spatial and temporal dependencies in the statistical analysis.
Results: We found that low income as well as population density were significantly associated with incidence of COVID-19, but for the second and third waves only. For the second wave, a one percent increase in the proportion with low income at district level increased the risk of COVID-19 by 7 % (95 % CI: 3 % - 11 %) We did not find associations between access to green space and incidence rate for any of the buffer sizes. The second and third waves were more governed by socio-demographic factors than the fourth and fifth wave.
Conclusions: Incidence rate of COVID-19 was not associated with access to green space, but to the socio-demographic variables; income, population density, and life expectancy. Access to green space is equally distributed among districts in Oslo which may explain our findings.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Geir Aamodt reports financial support was provided by the Research Council of Norway. Suleman Atique reports financial support was provided the Research Council of Norway. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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