Mitochondrial control of ciliary gene expression and structure in striatal neurons.

Mitochondria play essential metabolic roles and are increasingly understood to interact with other organelles, influencing cellular function and disease. Primary cilia, as sensory and signalling organelles, are crucial for neuronal communication and function. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondria and primary cilia may interact to regulate cellular processes, as recently shown in brain cells such as astrocytes. Here, we investigated whether mitochondria also regulate primary cilia in neurons, focusing on molecular pathways linking both organelles and structural components within cilia. We employed a cross-species, molecular pathway-focused approach to explore connections between mitochondrial and ciliary pathways in neurons, revealing strong associations suggesting coordinated functionality. Furthermore, we found that viral-induced downregulation of the mitochondrial fusion gene mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) altered ciliary gene expression, with Crocc - the gene encoding rootletin - showing the most pronounced downregulation. This reduction in Crocc expression was linked to decreased levels of rootletin protein, a key structural component of the ciliary rootlet. Notably, viral-mediated overexpression of rootletin restored ciliary complexity and elongation, without compromising neuronal adaptation to Mfn2 downregulation. Our findings provide novel evidence of a functional mitochondria-cilia interaction in neurons, specifically in striatal D1-MSNs. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role of mitochondrial dynamics in regulating ciliary structure in neurons, with potential implications for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. KEY POINTS: Mitochondria are cell structures known for producing energy but are also emerging as regulators of other cellular components, including primary cilia, antenna-like structures involved in cell communication. Previous studies suggest that mitochondria may influence cilia structure and function, including in astrocytes. However, this has not been explored in neurons. This study shows that natural variation in mitochondrial molecular pathways correlates with primary cilia pathways in striatal medium spiny neurons in both rats and mice. Reducing expression of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), a key mitochondrial protein involved in fusion and mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum interactions, changes specific molecular ciliary pathways, notably including Crocc, a gene essential for cilia structure, and reduces the levels of its protein product, rootletin, which supports cilia integrity. Our findings reveal an important role for mitochondria in regulating ciliary structure in neurons, highlighting a potential pathway for mitochondrial regulation of neuronal signalling.
(© 2025 The Author(s). The Journal of Physiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Physiological Society.)