Role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in sustainable agriculture: Addressing environmental and biological challenges.

This review underscores the importance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), fostering sustainability to address various environmental and biological issues. PGPR helps crops withstand salinity, nutrient deficiencies, and drought stress while tackling agricultural threats. Sustainable agriculture has emerged as a response to the social and economic problems farming practices face. Plants encounter obstacles from biotic stressors such as bacteria, viruses, nematodes, arachnids, and weeds that impede their growth. Furthermore, PGPR enhances plant growth through improved nutrient absorption and defense against pests. Bacillus subtilis utilizes indirect methods to combat diseases and protect plants from various diseases and pests. Additionally, PGPR acts as a bio-fertilizer that mitigates drought stress effects on crops in various regions worldwide. This review proposes strategies to boost productivity and improve bio-inoculant efficiency under real-world conditions. PGPR demonstrates its role in combating threats by influencing plant defense mechanisms, initiating systemic resistance responses, and regulating gene expression related to pathogen detection and defense signaling pathways. It maintains a balanced root microbiome by suppressing harmful microbial proliferation while promoting beneficial microbial interactions. Despite the challenges posed by technology and ethical considerations surrounding their modification, integrating PGPR into farming methods holds promise for sustainable agriculture. Given the increasing impact of climate change, PGPR plays a crucial role in improving crop resilience, enhancing soil quality, and reducing dependence on synthetic agricultural inputs.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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